PSG has now claimed the prestigious trophy on 14 separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match between the Ligue 1 winners and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring early on.
Yet, the southern French side struck twice late to seize a surprise advantage. First, the English forward scored from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking twist of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital equaliser in the final seconds to force the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then stood as the hero, saving decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing penalty win.
The record winners PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the past 13 years.